8/30/2023 0 Comments Kitab ihya ulumuddin berharakat![]() ![]() Hence, the arguments of the manuscript openly consider many aspects of sharia in responding to such a new tradition (cigarettes) in the Muslim community. Through analyzing fiqh and social history, this philological study discloses the connection between its author with the Egyptian’s ulama networks as a new center for ideas of Islamic civilization aside from Haramayn. manuscript mentions the existence of ḥaram (prohibited) and makrūh (not legally forbidden but discouraged) on cigarettes referring to two Egyptian ulama in the 17th century. It does not only use arguments from sharia, the interpretation of ulama, and health reasons but also refers to myths and conspiracies. The primary source is an Arabic manuscript from Kuningan, West Java, digitized by DREAMSEA, entitled “Bāb fī Bayān Ḥukm Shurb al-Dukhān”. This study reveals on fatwas concerning cigarettes in the Archipelago in the 19th century.
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